Volume CLXXVI • No. 1

The Federal Ledger

Est. 1776 • Digital Archive of the Republic

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Portrait of John Adams
Massachusetts
John Adams
Atlas of Independence

John Adams

1735–1826 • Massachusetts
2nd President

Most Important Quote

“Facts are stubborn things.”
— John Adams

Biography

Lawyer who defended the British soldiers at the Boston Massacre, championed independence in Congress, and served as the Republic's second President.

Stances

Federalist. Believed in a strong executive, a navy, and the rule of law over passions of the mob.

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